[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":555},["ShallowReactive",2],{"learn-\u002Flearn\u002Fnight-vfr-explained":3,"learn-nav-\u002Flearn\u002Fnight-vfr-explained":522},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"date":445,"dateModified":446,"description":447,"draft":448,"extension":449,"faqs":450,"howTo":446,"keyTakeaways":460,"meta":467,"metaDescription":468,"navigation":469,"path":470,"quiz":471,"seo":497,"series":446,"seriesOrder":446,"sources":498,"stem":519,"topic":520,"__hash__":521},"learn\u002Flearn\u002Fnight-vfr-explained.md","Night VFR explained",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":432},"minimark",[9,21,27,32,48,63,67,82,123,126,130,151,155,181,188,192,235,273,277,340,344,347,354,361,365,421,425],[10,11,12,13,20],"p",{},"Ask three pilots when \"night\" begins and you may get three answers, and under the FAA all three can be right at once, because it defines night differently for different jobs. Layered on top of that is a deeper question a student rarely thinks to ask until the days shorten: is ",[14,15,19],"a",{"href":16,"className":17},"\u002Flearn\u002Fglossary#gt-vfr",[18],"glossary-link","VFR"," flight at night even allowed, and what does it take to be legal for it? The answers split cleanly between the European and American systems, and the split is worth learning properly before your first dusk lesson.",[22,23,24],"blockquote",{},[10,25,26],{},"This is general educational information, not operational, legal, or regulatory advice. Rules differ by authority and change over time. Always verify against current official sources and follow your operator's approved procedures.",[28,29,31],"h2",{"id":30},"what-counts-as-night","What counts as night",[10,33,34,35,43,44,47],{},"The intuitive idea, that night is when the sun has set, is not the regulatory one anywhere. Both systems anchor night to ",[36,37,38],"strong",{},[14,39,42],{"href":40,"className":41},"\u002Flearn\u002Fglossary#gt-civil-twilight",[18],"civil twilight",", the fading light after sunset, and civil twilight ends when the geometric centre of the sun's disc reaches ",[36,45,46],{},"6 degrees below the horizon",", roughly half an hour after sunset at temperate latitudes, longer nearer the poles. So there is always a gap between sunset and the legal start of night.",[10,49,50,51,54,55,58,59,62],{},"Where the systems part is how many definitions they keep. EASA holds to ",[36,52,53],{},"one","; the UK keeps ",[36,56,57],{},"two",", because the Air Navigation Order adds its own half-hour definition alongside retained SERA; the FAA keeps ",[36,60,61],{},"three",", each for a different purpose. Conflating them is the classic error.",[28,64,66],{"id":65},"the-faas-three-nights","The FAA's three nights",[10,68,69,70,76,77,81],{},"The FAA's general definition sits in ",[14,71,75],{"href":72,"rel":73},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecfr.gov\u002Fcurrent\u002Ftitle-14\u002Fchapter-I\u002Fsubchapter-A\u002Fpart-1\u002Fsection-1.1",[74],"nofollow","14 CFR 1.1",": night is \"the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac, converted to local time\". This is the night you use when you log night flight time, as our guide to ",[14,78,80],{"href":79},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-night-flying-time","logging night flying time"," sets out in detail.",[10,83,84,85,88,89,94,95,98,99,103,104,88,107,112,113,118,119,122],{},"But the FAA does not use that period for everything. For ",[36,86,87],{},"showing lights",", ",[14,90,93],{"href":91,"rel":92},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecfr.gov\u002Fcurrent\u002Ftitle-14\u002Fchapter-I\u002Fsubchapter-F\u002Fpart-91\u002Fsubpart-C\u002Fsection-91.209",[74],"14 CFR 91.209"," requires position lights to be lit during the period ",[36,96,97],{},"from sunset to sunrise"," (with an Alaska variation), a wider window than the civil-twilight one, which is why lights go on before logging-night begins; see ",[14,100,102],{"href":101},"\u002Flearn\u002Faircraft-lights-and-when-to-show-them","aircraft lights and when to show them",". And for ",[36,105,106],{},"carrying persons",[14,108,111],{"href":109,"rel":110},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecfr.gov\u002Fcurrent\u002Ftitle-14\u002Fchapter-I\u002Fsubchapter-D\u002Fpart-61\u002Fsubpart-A\u002Fsection-61.57",[74],"14 CFR 61.57(b)"," sets night ",[14,114,117],{"href":115,"className":116},"\u002Flearn\u002Fglossary#gt-recency",[18],"recency"," in a third period, ",[36,120,121],{},"from 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise",", narrower than both the others: the take-offs and landings that keep you current to fly with anyone aboard at night must fall in that hour-tightened window. This is commonly called passenger currency, but the rule's current text says carrying persons, so any person aboard triggers it.",[10,124,125],{},"So a single evening can be \"night\" for lights before it is \"night\" for logging, and \"night\" for logging before it is \"night\" for passenger currency. Three clocks, three sections, one sky. The lesson is not to memorise all three as one blur but to ask which purpose you are dealing with, then apply the right period.",[28,127,129],{"id":128},"easas-one-definition-and-the-uks-second-one","EASA's one definition, and the UK's second one",[10,131,132,133,138,139,144,145,150],{},"Europe is simpler on the definition and stricter on the qualification. Under the ",[14,134,137],{"href":135,"rel":136},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.easa.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fdocument-library\u002Feasy-access-rules\u002Feasy-access-rules-standardised-european-rules-air-sera",[74],"Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA)",", night is defined once, as \"the hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight\", with civil twilight ending in the evening, and beginning in the morning, when the centre of the sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon. In EASA-land that one definition serves logging, ratings and the rules of the air alike. The UK, having retained SERA after leaving the EU, uses the identical definition for the rules of the air, but here is the trap: UK law keeps a second definition too. The ",[14,140,143],{"href":141,"rel":142},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.legislation.gov.uk\u002Fuksi\u002F2016\u002F765\u002Fschedule\u002F1",[74],"Air Navigation Order 2016"," defines night as the time from half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise, with sunset and sunrise determined at surface level, and the CAA's ",[14,146,149],{"href":147,"rel":148},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.caa.co.uk\u002Fgeneral-aviation\u002Fsafety-topics\u002Fthe-skyway-code\u002F",[74],"Skyway Code"," applies exactly that half-hour definition in the night rating context. On a long UK summer twilight the ANO's night can begin before civil-twilight night does, so a UK pilot should know both definitions and apply the one the rule at hand uses.",[28,152,154],{"id":153},"is-vfr-at-night-even-allowed","Is VFR at night even allowed?",[10,156,157,158,161,162,166,167,170,171,174,175,180],{},"This is where students are sometimes surprised. Under SERA, VFR at night is ",[36,159,160],{},"not automatically permitted",". ",[14,163,165],{"href":135,"rel":164},[74],"SERA.5005(c)"," opens with a conditional: \"When so prescribed by the competent authority, VFR flights at night may be permitted under the following conditions\". In other words, night VFR exists only where the national authority has switched it on, and then only subject to a set of conditions. The ",[36,168,169],{},"UK"," has switched it on: the CAA permits VFR at night by general permission, including outside controlled airspace, so a UK pilot can fly night VFR in Class G and does ",[36,172,173],{},"not"," have to fly it as ",[14,176,179],{"href":177,"className":178},"\u002Flearn\u002Fglossary#gt-ifr",[18],"IFR",". That is worth stating plainly, because a common piece of folklore holds that night flight outside controlled airspace must be IFR; under the current UK rules that is not so for a suitably qualified VFR pilot.",[10,182,183,184,187],{},"The ",[36,185,186],{},"FAA"," needs no such enabling act. In the US, VFR at night is simply permitted for an appropriately certificated pilot, with no \"when so prescribed\" precondition. So the structural difference is real: Europe permits night VFR conditionally and by prescription; the US permits it as a matter of course. Same activity, different legal architecture.",[28,189,191],{"id":190},"the-night-rating-and-the-faas-lack-of-one","The night rating, and the FAA's lack of one",[10,193,194,195,198,199,202,203,208,209,212,213,216,217,220,221,224,225,228,229,234],{},"The sharpest divergence is the qualification. Under ",[36,196,197],{},"EASA and the UK",", a private or light-aircraft pilot needs a ",[36,200,201],{},"night rating"," to fly VFR at night. ",[14,204,207],{"href":205,"rel":206},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.easa.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Fdocument-library\u002Feasy-access-rules\u002Feasy-access-rules-aircrew-regulation-eu-no-11782011",[74],"FCL.810"," sets the training: a course at an approved or declared training organisation comprising theoretical knowledge and at least ",[36,210,211],{},"5 hours of flight time at night",", including at least ",[36,214,215],{},"3 hours of dual instruction",", of which at least ",[36,218,219],{},"1 hour is cross-country navigation"," with at least one dual cross-country flight of at least ",[36,222,223],{},"50 km (27 NM)",", and ",[36,226,227],{},"5 solo take-offs and 5 solo full-stop landings",", completed within a period of up to 6 months. The UK retains the same rating with the same figures, and the CAA notes it is non-expiring once held. (Holding an instrument rating does not shorten the aeroplane night-rating course; the only instrument-rating credit in FCL.810 is helicopter-specific, and an IR does not remove the need for the rating either, so do not assume an IR by itself lets a private pilot fly night VFR; confirm your own case against the ",[14,230,233],{"href":231,"rel":232},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.caa.co.uk\u002Fgeneral-aviation\u002Fpilot-licences\u002Fapplications\u002Fratings\u002Fnight-rating-for-aeroplanes\u002F",[74],"CAA's night rating guidance",".)",[10,236,237,238,240,241,244,245,250,251,254,255,258,259,262,263,266,267,272],{},"Under the ",[36,239,186],{}," there is ",[36,242,243],{},"no night rating at all",". Night is built into the private pilot certificate: for the single-engine airplane rating, ",[14,246,249],{"href":247,"rel":248},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecfr.gov\u002Fcurrent\u002Ftitle-14\u002Fchapter-I\u002Fsubchapter-D\u002Fpart-61\u002Fsubpart-E\u002Fsection-61.109",[74],"14 CFR 61.109(a)(2)"," requires, as part of training for the certificate, ",[36,252,253],{},"3 hours of night flight training"," including one cross-country flight of ",[36,256,257],{},"over 100 nautical miles"," total distance and ",[36,260,261],{},"10 take-offs and 10 landings to a full stop"," (other categories set their own numbers). The ",[36,264,265],{},"\"Night flying prohibited\""," limitation of ",[14,268,271],{"href":269,"rel":270},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecfr.gov\u002Fcurrent\u002Ftitle-14\u002Fchapter-I\u002Fsubchapter-D\u002Fpart-61\u002Fsubpart-E\u002Fsection-61.110",[74],"14 CFR 61.110"," is a narrow exception, not a general opt-out: it lets a person who receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska be issued the certificate without the night training, provided the training is then completed within 12 calendar months or the certificate becomes invalid for use, and it offers the limitation route otherwise only to gyroplane, powered parachute and weight-shift-control applicants. An airplane applicant outside Alaska cannot skip the night training. Notice even the training cross-country differs: the FAA's embedded night cross-country is over 100 nautical miles, while the EASA night-rating cross-country need only be 50 km (27 NM). One system issues a rating; the other writes the privilege into the licence.",[28,274,276],{"id":275},"the-conditions-easa-attaches-to-night-vfr","The conditions EASA attaches to night VFR",[10,278,279,280,283,284,287,288,291,292,297,298,301,302,305,306,309,310,313,314,317,318,313,321,324,325,328,329,333,334,339],{},"Where night VFR is prescribed, SERA.5005(c) attaches conditions worth knowing before you plan one. If the flight leaves the vicinity of an aerodrome, a ",[36,281,282],{},"flight plan"," is required. The flight must ",[36,285,286],{},"establish and maintain two-way radio"," communication on the appropriate ATS channel when available. The ",[36,289,290],{},"cloud ceiling must be at least 450 m (1,500 ft)",". And in ",[14,293,296],{"href":294,"className":295},"\u002Flearn\u002Fglossary#gt-airspace-classes",[18],"airspace classes"," B to G, at and below ",[36,299,300],{},"900 m (3,000 ft) above mean sea level or 300 m (1,000 ft) above terrain, whichever is higher",", the pilot must maintain ",[36,303,304],{},"continuous sight of the surface",". At night the reduced flight-visibility provisions of the day VFR table do not apply, which leaves an effective flight-visibility floor of ",[36,307,308],{},"5 km"," below 10,000 ft. And except for take-off, landing or with specific authorisation, the flight must respect the minimum heights set by the competent authority or, where none are set, SERA's own defaults. Read those two defaults carefully, because the datum is the part pilots drop: over ",[36,311,312],{},"high terrain or mountainous areas",", at least ",[36,315,316],{},"600 m (2,000 ft) above the highest obstacle within 8 km"," of the aircraft's estimated position, and ",[36,319,320],{},"elsewhere",[36,322,323],{},"300 m (1,000 ft) above the highest obstacle within 8 km"," of the aircraft's estimated position. The 1,000 ft figure is ",[36,326,327],{},"not 1,000 ft above the ground beneath you",". It is 1,000 ft above the tallest thing within 8 km of you, which on undulating ground with a mast on a ridge is a very different and much higher number. These sit alongside the ordinary ",[14,330,332],{"href":331},"\u002Flearn\u002Fvfr-weather-minima-and-cruising-levels","VFR weather minima and cruising levels",", tightening them for the dark. The FAA sets its own night ",[14,335,338],{"href":336,"className":337},"\u002Flearn\u002Fglossary#gt-vfr-weather-minima",[18],"VFR weather minima",", which differ in the detail, so a pilot moving between systems should read the minima for the country of flight rather than carrying one set across.",[28,341,343],{"id":342},"a-worked-example","A worked example",[10,345,346],{},"Two pilots, same evening, different systems.",[10,348,349,350,353],{},"A ",[36,351,352],{},"UK PPL(A)"," holder wants to fly a short cross-country returning after dark. First, qualification: she holds a night rating (FCL.810), so she is permitted; without it, night VFR would be off the table regardless of her day experience. Night VFR is prescribed in the UK, including in the Class G she will cross, so she does not need to file IFR. She checks the SERA.5005(c) conditions: she files a flight plan as she is leaving the vicinity of the aerodrome, confirms two-way radio, checks the forecast ceiling is at least 1,500 ft and the visibility at least 5 km, plans to stay where she can keep the surface in sight below 3,000 ft AMSL, and keeps the night minimum heights in her route plan. Legal, qualified, and within the conditions.",[10,355,356,357,360],{},"An ",[36,358,359],{},"FAA private pilot"," planning the equivalent flight at home has a different checklist. There is no night rating to hold and no \"when so prescribed\" gate; he is permitted to fly VFR at night by virtue of his certificate, having completed the 61.109(a)(2) night training as every lower-48 airplane applicant must (the 61.110 \"Night flying prohibited\" limitation exists only for Alaska-based applicants and a few light-aircraft categories). He does not file a flight plan merely because it is night. But if he plans to carry anyone with him, he checks 61.57(b): three take-offs and landings to a full stop in the 1-hour-after-sunset-to-1-hour-before-sunrise window within the preceding 90 days. Same flight, same darkness, and almost none of the legal furniture is shared between the two.",[28,362,364],{"id":363},"common-pitfalls","Common pitfalls",[366,367,368,375,381,387,393,399,409,415],"ul",{},[369,370,371,374],"li",{},[36,372,373],{},"Treating \"night\" as one thing under the FAA."," It uses three periods, for logging (civil twilight), lights (sunset to sunrise) and currency to carry persons (the hour-tightened window).",[369,376,377,380],{},[36,378,379],{},"Assuming the UK has only one night definition."," The ANO's half-hour definition sits alongside retained SERA's civil-twilight one, and the CAA applies the half-hour version in the night rating context.",[369,382,383,386],{},[36,384,385],{},"Assuming night VFR is automatically allowed in Europe."," SERA permits it only \"when so prescribed\"; check that your state has prescribed it and on what conditions.",[369,388,389,392],{},[36,390,391],{},"Believing UK night flight in Class G must be IFR."," The current UK rules permit night VFR outside controlled airspace for a suitably qualified pilot.",[369,394,395,398],{},[36,396,397],{},"Thinking the FAA has a night rating."," It does not; night training is built into the certificate, and outside the narrow 61.110 exceptions (Alaska-based applicants and a few light-aircraft categories) it cannot be skipped.",[369,400,401,404,405,408],{},[36,402,403],{},"Reading SERA's night minimum height as 1,000 ft AGL."," It is not. SERA.5005(c) measures both defaults, the 2,000 ft over high terrain and the 1,000 ft elsewhere, above the ",[36,406,407],{},"highest obstacle within 8 km"," of your estimated position, which will often put you far higher than 1,000 ft above the ground directly below.",[369,410,411,414],{},[36,412,413],{},"Carrying one system's night minima across."," EASA\u002FUK and FAA night VFR minima differ; read the rules for the country of flight.",[369,416,417,420],{},[36,418,419],{},"Confusing the training cross-country distances."," The FAA's embedded night cross-country is over 100 NM; the EASA night-rating cross-country is 50 km (27 NM).",[28,422,424],{"id":423},"in-pilot-efb","In Pilot EFB",[10,426,427,428,431],{},"Pilot EFB is a study and planning companion for night flying: keep the definitions and the EASA-versus-FAA split straight here in Learn, and your decoded weather and ",[14,429,430],{"href":331},"VFR minima"," in one offline-first briefing. It does not decide whether you are qualified or legal to fly at night, track your night currency as a legal fact, or grant any privilege; those rest with your licence, your ratings and the current rule for your country of flight. Pilot EFB is not a certified Electronic Flight Bag, so treat it as a study and planning aid and confirm your night qualification and the conditions from your official source of record before you fly after dark.",{"title":433,"searchDepth":434,"depth":434,"links":435},"",2,[436,437,438,439,440,441,442,443,444],{"id":30,"depth":434,"text":31},{"id":65,"depth":434,"text":66},{"id":128,"depth":434,"text":129},{"id":153,"depth":434,"text":154},{"id":190,"depth":434,"text":191},{"id":275,"depth":434,"text":276},{"id":342,"depth":434,"text":343},{"id":363,"depth":434,"text":364},{"id":423,"depth":434,"text":424},"2026-07-04",null,"What legally counts as night, whether VFR at night is allowed under EASA and the UK versus the FAA, and why Europe needs a night rating and the FAA does not.",false,"md",[451,454,457],{"q":452,"a":453},"What legally counts as night?","It depends on the authority and the purpose. EASA defines night once, under SERA: the hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, with civil twilight ending when the centre of the sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon. The UK retains that SERA definition for the rules of the air, but UK law also keeps a second definition: the Air Navigation Order 2016 defines night as half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise, measured at surface level, and the CAA's Skyway Code applies that half-hour definition in the night rating context. The FAA uses the civil-twilight definition (14 CFR 1.1) for the general and logging sense, but switches to sunset-to-sunrise for when position lights must be shown (91.209) and to the period from 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise for night recency when carrying persons (61.57(b)).",{"q":455,"a":456},"Can I fly VFR at night in the UK?","Yes. The UK permits VFR at night, including outside controlled airspace, under retained SERA.5005(c), which the CAA has switched on by general permission. It does not have to be flown as IFR. You do, however, need the appropriate qualification (a night rating or higher) and you must meet the conditions SERA attaches. This is different from the FAA system, which needs no equivalent enabling permission.",{"q":458,"a":459},"Is there an FAA night rating?","No. The FAA has no separate night rating. Instead, night training is built into the private pilot certificate itself: for the single-engine airplane rating, 14 CFR 61.109(a)(2) requires 3 hours of night flight training including a cross-country of over 100 nautical miles and 10 take-offs and 10 landings to a full stop (other categories set their own numbers). The 'Night flying prohibited' limitation of 14 CFR 61.110 is a narrow exception, not a general opt-out: it applies to a person who receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska, who must then complete the night training within 12 calendar months, and otherwise only to gyroplane, powered parachute and weight-shift-control applicants. An airplane applicant outside Alaska cannot skip the night training. EASA and the UK take the opposite approach, gating night VFR behind a distinct night rating under FCL.810.",[461,462,463,464,465,466],"EASA\u002FSERA defines night once: end of evening civil twilight to beginning of morning civil twilight, with civil twilight ending at 6 degrees of sun depression. The UK retains that for the rules of the air but also keeps the ANO definition, half an hour after sunset to half an hour before sunrise, which the CAA applies to the night rating.","The FAA uses three night periods for three purposes: civil twilight (1.1) for the general and logging sense, sunset-to-sunrise (91.209) for position lights, and 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise (61.57(b)) for recency when carrying persons.","EASA and the UK permit VFR at night 'when so prescribed by the competent authority' (SERA.5005(c)); the UK has switched this on, including outside controlled airspace, and it need not be flown as IFR.","EASA and the UK require a night rating (FCL.810): 5 hours night flight time including 3 hours dual, at least 1 hour of cross-country navigation, and 5 solo take-offs and 5 solo full-stop landings.","Where the competent authority has set no minimum flight altitude, SERA.5005(c) measures its night VFR defaults above the highest obstacle within 8 km of the aircraft, not above the ground: 600 m (2,000 ft) over high terrain or mountainous areas, and 300 m (1,000 ft) elsewhere.","The FAA has no night rating: night training is built into the private certificate (61.109(a)(2) for single-engine airplanes: 3 hours including a cross-country over 100 nautical miles and 10 take-offs and landings). The 'Night flying prohibited' limitation (61.110) is a narrow exception for Alaska-based applicants and a few light-aircraft categories, not a general opt-out.",{},"What counts as night, whether VFR at night is permitted under EASA\u002FUK versus the FAA, and why Europe needs a night rating while the FAA builds it in.",true,"\u002Flearn\u002Fnight-vfr-explained",[472,481,489],{"q":473,"options":474,"answer":479,"explanation":480},"Under SERA, as used by EASA and retained in the UK rules of the air, when does night begin?",[475,476,477,478],"At sunset","At the end of evening civil twilight, when the centre of the sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon","One hour after sunset","When the last light disappears",1,"SERA defines night as the hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, with civil twilight ending when the centre of the sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon. That is about half an hour after sunset, not sunset itself. Note that UK law also keeps a second definition: the Air Navigation Order defines night as half an hour after sunset to half an hour before sunrise, and the CAA applies that version in the night rating context.",{"q":482,"options":483,"answer":479,"explanation":488},"How many different 'night' periods does the FAA use, and for what?",[484,485,486,487],"One, for everything","Three: civil twilight for the general and logging sense, sunset-to-sunrise for lights, and 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise for currency to carry persons","Two, both tied to sunset","Three, all tied to civil twilight","The FAA uses civil-twilight-to-civil-twilight (14 CFR 1.1) for the general and logging sense, sunset-to-sunrise (91.209) for showing position lights, and 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise (61.57(b)) for night recency when carrying persons, commonly called passenger currency: three periods for three purposes.",{"q":490,"options":491,"answer":434,"explanation":496},"How do EASA\u002FUK and the FAA differ on the qualification to fly VFR at night?",[492,493,494,495],"Both require a separate night rating","Neither requires any night qualification","EASA and the UK require a night rating (FCL.810); the FAA builds night training into the private certificate and has no separate rating","The FAA requires a night rating; EASA does not","EASA and the UK gate night VFR behind a distinct night rating under FCL.810. The FAA has no night rating; it builds night training into the private pilot certificate (61.109(a)(2) for the single-engine airplane rating). The 'Night flying prohibited' limitation (61.110) is a narrow exception for Alaska-based applicants and a few light-aircraft categories, not a general way to skip the training.",{"title":5,"description":447},[499,501,503,505,507,509,511,513,515,517],{"label":500,"url":72},"FAA 14 CFR 1.1 (General definitions, including night)",{"label":502,"url":91},"FAA 14 CFR 91.209 (Aircraft lights)",{"label":504,"url":109},"FAA 14 CFR 61.57 (Recent flight experience: pilot in command)",{"label":506,"url":247},"FAA 14 CFR 61.109 (Aeronautical experience: private pilots)",{"label":508,"url":269},"FAA 14 CFR 61.110 (Night flying exceptions)",{"label":510,"url":141},"UK Air Navigation Order 2016, Schedule 1 (definition of night)",{"label":512,"url":147},"UK CAA Skyway Code (CAP 1535)",{"label":514,"url":135},"EASA Easy Access Rules for Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA.5005, VFR at night)",{"label":516,"url":205},"EASA Easy Access Rules for Aircrew (FCL.810, night rating)",{"label":518,"url":231},"UK CAA: Night rating for aeroplanes","learn\u002Fnight-vfr-explained","Regulations","4QIsnKMtYGAA2desD2FHg9X5Xps9C2myrkb_VWOR8VQ",{"related":523,"newer":542,"older":549,"series":446},[524,530,536],{"path":525,"title":526,"description":527,"date":528,"topic":520,"draft":448,"minutes":529,"series":446,"seriesOrder":446},"\u002Flearn\u002Ffitness-to-fly-imsafe-alcohol-and-medication","Fitness to fly: IMSAFE, alcohol and medication","The IMSAFE checklist, the FAA, EASA and UK alcohol rules and why the legal floor is not the safe ceiling, medication traps, and the scuba diving wait times.","2026-07-07",9,{"path":531,"title":532,"description":533,"date":534,"topic":520,"draft":448,"minutes":535,"series":446,"seriesOrder":446},"\u002Flearn\u002Fvfr-equipment-requirements","VFR equipment requirements","What instruments and equipment a VFR flight needs by day and by night, the FAA's 91.205 lists against EASA's Part-NCO, plus the transponder as its own layer.","2026-06-25",10,{"path":537,"title":538,"description":539,"date":540,"topic":520,"draft":448,"minutes":541,"series":446,"seriesOrder":446},"\u002Flearn\u002Fclass-and-type-ratings-explained","Class and type ratings explained","Class rating versus type rating, what each lets you fly, and how EASA's revalidated ratings compare with the FAA's certificate-based system.","2026-06-11",8,{"path":543,"title":544,"description":545,"date":546,"topic":547,"draft":448,"minutes":548,"series":446,"seriesOrder":446},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-instructor-time-and-dual-given","Logging instructor time and dual given","How a flight instructor logs a training flight: dual given, PIC while instructing under the FAA and EASA, instrument instruction, and the signing duties.","2026-07-06","Logbook",6,{"path":550,"title":551,"description":552,"date":553,"topic":547,"draft":448,"minutes":554,"series":446,"seriesOrder":446},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-towing-and-aerobatic-time","Logging towing and aerobatic time","How glider tows, banner tows and aerobatic flight are logged and authorised: FAA rules 61.69 and 91.311 versus the EASA towing and aerobatic ratings.","2026-07-01",11,1783767261705]