[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":273},["ShallowReactive",2],{"learn-paths-cards":3},[4,13,17,22,26,33,37,42,46,50,54,60,66,72,77,84,89,95,100,105,110,115,120,125,130,136,141,146,151,156,161,166,171,177,183,188,193,198,203,208,213,218,223,228,233,238,243,248,253,258,263,268],{"path":5,"title":6,"description":7,"date":8,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fcold-temperature-altimeter-corrections","Cold-temperature altimeter corrections","Why a pressure altimeter over-reads in cold air, leaving you lower than indicated, and how to correct minimum altitudes for temperature on an approach in mountainous or freezing conditions.","2026-06-21","Operations",false,4,null,{"path":14,"title":15,"description":16,"date":8,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fmode-s-and-ads-b-explained","Mode S and ADS-B explained","How Mode S adds a 24-bit address, selective interrogation and a data link to the transponder, the difference between elementary and enhanced surveillance, and how ADS-B broadcasts your GPS position.",{"path":18,"title":19,"description":20,"date":8,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":21,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-global-reporting-format-for-runway-conditions","The Global Reporting Format for runway conditions","How the Global Reporting Format (GRF) describes a contaminated runway, including the runway condition code (RWYCC) from 6 to 0, the assessment matrix (RCAM), and how the report is split into thirds.",5,{"path":23,"title":24,"description":25,"date":8,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ftop-of-descent-and-the-3-to-1-rule","Top of descent and the 3:1 rule","How to work out your top of descent with the 3:1 rule, the 60-to-1 relationship behind it, and the rate of descent that holds a roughly 3 degree path, with a worked example.",{"path":27,"title":28,"description":29,"date":30,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":32,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ficao-vs-iata-codes","ICAO vs IATA codes explained","The difference between the 4-letter ICAO location indicators used for flight planning and weather and the 3-letter IATA codes on your boarding pass, plus airline codes and callsigns.","2026-06-20","Briefing",3,{"path":34,"title":35,"description":36,"date":30,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":32,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fmach-number-and-true-airspeed","Mach number, true airspeed and the speed of sound","How the speed of sound depends on temperature, why Mach number rises as you climb at a constant true airspeed, and how indicated, calibrated, true airspeed and Mach relate.",{"path":38,"title":39,"description":40,"date":30,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":32,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Freading-a-surface-analysis-chart","How to read a surface analysis chart","Decode a surface analysis chart: isobars and the pressure gradient, highs and lows, warm, cold and occluded fronts, and what the big picture tells you before you read the METAR.","Weather",{"path":43,"title":44,"description":45,"date":30,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":32,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fsquawk-codes-and-transponders","Squawk codes and transponders explained","What a transponder squawk code is, the difference between Mode A, C and S, and the emergency codes 7500, 7600 and 7700 every pilot must know.",{"path":47,"title":48,"description":49,"date":30,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":32,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-international-standard-atmosphere","The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)","What the ICAO International Standard Atmosphere is, its sea-level values and lapse rate, and how ISA deviation underpins altimetry, performance and density altitude.",{"path":51,"title":52,"description":53,"date":30,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":32,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fwake-turbulence-categories-and-separation","Wake turbulence categories and separation","Why aircraft trail wingtip vortices, the ICAO Light, Medium, Heavy and Super categories by maximum take-off mass, and how wake separation keeps a following aircraft clear.",{"path":55,"title":56,"description":57,"date":58,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":21,"series":59,"seriesOrder":11},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-a-sigmet-and-airmet","How to read a SIGMET and an AIRMET","What SIGMETs and AIRMETs warn of, the phenomena codes, how long each stays valid, and a worked SIGMET decoded field by field, with the ICAO baseline and the US differences.","2026-06-18","decode-the-weather",{"path":61,"title":62,"description":63,"date":64,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":21,"series":59,"seriesOrder":65},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-a-metar","How to read a METAR","A plain-language guide to decoding a METAR field by field, with a worked example and the EASA\u002FUK and FAA differences that trip pilots up.","2026-06-17",1,{"path":67,"title":68,"description":69,"date":70,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":59,"seriesOrder":71},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-a-taf","How to read a TAF","Decode a Terminal Aerodrome Forecast, including the FM, BECMG, TEMPO and PROB change groups, the validity period, and how a forecast differs from a METAR observation.","2026-06-16",2,{"path":73,"title":74,"description":75,"date":76,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Funderstanding-notams","Understanding NOTAMs","What a NOTAM is, how the ICAO format and Q-line are built, the difference between NOTAMN, NOTAMR and NOTAMC, and how to deal with NOTAM overload.","2026-06-15",{"path":78,"title":79,"description":80,"date":81,"topic":82,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":83,"seriesOrder":71},"\u002Flearn\u002Fflight-time-limitations-explained","Flight time limitations explained","Flight time, duty, flight duty period and rest, explained plainly, with the EASA\u002FUK CAA and FAA limits attributed to each authority. Numbers differ by authority and change, so always check the current rule.","2026-06-14","Regulations","duty-rest-and-flight-time-limits",{"path":85,"title":86,"description":87,"date":88,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fstabilised-approaches-and-cdfa","Stabilised approaches and CDFA","Why a continuous descent final approach beats dive-and-drive, what a stabilised approach actually means, and where the 1000 ft and 500 ft gate heights come from.","2026-06-13",{"path":90,"title":91,"description":92,"date":93,"topic":94,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fkeeping-a-digital-logbook","Keeping a digital logbook","What a pilot logbook has to record and why, plus the EASA\u002FUK and FAA differences in logging pilot-in-command time, night, and recency that catch people out.","2026-06-12","Logbook",{"path":96,"title":97,"description":98,"date":99,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Foffline-first-preflight-briefing","The offline-first preflight briefing","What the rules require you to check before flight, how to build a self-brief, and the honest difference between offline-first and working fully offline.","2026-06-11",{"path":101,"title":102,"description":103,"date":104,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdensity-altitude-and-aircraft-performance","Density altitude and aircraft performance","What density altitude is, how to estimate it from pressure altitude and temperature, and why high, hot and humid conditions quietly rob an aircraft of performance.","2026-06-10",{"path":106,"title":107,"description":108,"date":109,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":21,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Faircraft-icing-explained","Aircraft icing explained","How airframe ice forms, the difference between rime, clear and mixed ice, what makes supercooled large droplets so dangerous, and where to find the icing forecast.","2026-06-09",{"path":111,"title":112,"description":113,"date":114,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":21,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Faltimetry-qnh-qfe-qne","Altimetry: QNH, QFE and the standard setting","What QNH, QFE and the standard pressure setting actually do to your altimeter, the difference between transition altitude and transition level, and the EASA and FAA conventions that differ.","2026-06-08",{"path":116,"title":117,"description":118,"date":119,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":59,"seriesOrder":21},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-a-pirep","How to read a PIREP","Decode a pilot weather report field by field, understand the UA and UUA types and the slash-coded elements, and see how a PIREP fills the gaps between weather stations.","2026-06-07",{"path":121,"title":122,"description":123,"date":124,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-aip-and-airac-cycle","The AIP and the AIRAC cycle","What an Aeronautical Information Publication is, how its GEN, ENR and AD parts are organised, and why aeronautical data changes on the fixed 28-day AIRAC cycle.","2026-06-06",{"path":126,"title":127,"description":128,"date":129,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdecoding-the-icao-flight-plan","Decoding the ICAO flight plan","How the ICAO flight plan form is built, with a field-by-field decode of Item 10 equipment and capabilities and Item 18 other information, plus the codes that trip filers up.","2026-06-05",{"path":131,"title":132,"description":133,"date":134,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":135,"seriesOrder":65},"\u002Flearn\u002Fairspace-classes-explained","Airspace classes explained","The ICAO airspace classes A to G, the service and separation each one provides, and how the US, Europe and the UK implement the same letters differently.","2026-06-04","plan-a-vfr-cross-country",{"path":137,"title":138,"description":139,"date":140,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fmass-and-balance-basics","Mass and balance basics","What datum, arm, moment and centre of gravity mean, how to work a centre-of-gravity calculation step by step, and why staying inside the envelope matters as much as staying under the maximum mass.","2026-06-03",{"path":142,"title":143,"description":144,"date":145,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdeclared-distances-tora-toda-asda-lda","Declared distances: TORA, TODA, ASDA and LDA","What the four declared distances mean, how clearway and stopway extend them, and why the length of runway you can actually use is rarely just the runway.","2026-06-02",{"path":147,"title":148,"description":149,"date":150,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":135,"seriesOrder":21},"\u002Flearn\u002Fcrosswind-components","Crosswind components","How to resolve a reported wind into its crosswind and headwind components with simple trigonometry, a worked example, the sine rule of thumb, and what a maximum demonstrated crosswind really is.","2026-06-01",{"path":152,"title":153,"description":154,"date":155,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fholding-patterns-explained","Holding patterns explained","The standard holding pattern, how the legs are timed, the three entry procedures, and the maximum holding speeds, with the ICAO and FAA figures attributed because they differ.","2026-05-31",{"path":157,"title":158,"description":159,"date":160,"topic":82,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":135,"seriesOrder":71},"\u002Flearn\u002Fvfr-weather-minima-and-cruising-levels","VFR weather minima and cruising levels","The visibility and distance-from-cloud minima for visual flight, and the semicircular cruising-level rule, with the ICAO baseline and the EASA and FAA figures attributed because the units and numbers differ.","2026-05-30",{"path":162,"title":163,"description":164,"date":165,"topic":82,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":135,"seriesOrder":32},"\u002Flearn\u002Ffuel-planning-and-reserves","Fuel planning and reserves","Why a flight carries more fuel than the trip needs, the ICAO baseline, the FAA VFR and IFR reserve rules, and the EASA fuel-scheme components, each attributed because the numbers differ.","2026-05-29",{"path":167,"title":168,"description":169,"date":170,"topic":94,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Frecency-and-currency","Recency and currency","The difference between being legally current and being proficient, with the EASA and FAA recent-experience rules for carrying passengers, night flight and instrument flight, each attributed to its authority.","2026-05-28",{"path":172,"title":173,"description":174,"date":175,"topic":94,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpilot-function-and-logging-roles","Pilot function and logging roles","What P1, PICUS, P2 and dual mean under EASA, how the FAA categories differ, and the crucial difference between logging pilot-in-command time and being the pilot in command.","2026-05-26",7,{"path":178,"title":179,"description":180,"date":181,"topic":82,"draft":10,"minutes":182,"series":83,"seriesOrder":21},"\u002Flearn\u002Fstandby-and-reserve-duty","Standby and reserve duty","What standby and reserve mean, how airport standby differs from standby at home, how the FAA handles long-call and short-call reserve, and how standby converts into duty and the flight duty period.","2026-05-24",8,{"path":184,"title":185,"description":186,"date":187,"topic":94,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-instrument-time","Logging instrument time","What actually counts as instrument time, the difference between actual and simulated conditions, why being on an IFR flight plan is not enough, and what the FAA and EASA require you to record.","2026-05-22",{"path":189,"title":190,"description":191,"date":192,"topic":82,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":83,"seriesOrder":11},"\u002Flearn\u002Fcumulative-duty-and-flight-time-limits","Cumulative duty and flying-hour limits","How the rolling 28-day, annual and weekly limits on flight time and duty actually work, why a rolling window is not a calendar month, with the EASA and FAA figures attributed.","2026-05-20",{"path":194,"title":195,"description":196,"date":197,"topic":94,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-night-flying-time","Logging night flying time","How night is defined for logging under the FAA and EASA, why the FAA has two different nights, what civil twilight means, and how to work out the night portion of a flight.","2026-05-18",{"path":199,"title":200,"description":201,"date":202,"topic":82,"draft":10,"minutes":182,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Facclimatisation-and-time-zones","Acclimatisation and crossing time zones","Why your body clock changes the flight duty period you are allowed, how EASA defines an acclimatised state and the FAA defines being acclimated, and what the window of circadian low means.","2026-05-15",{"path":204,"title":205,"description":206,"date":207,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":182,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ffog-mist-and-the-dewpoint-spread","Fog, mist and the dewpoint spread","Why the gap between temperature and dewpoint predicts fog, the difference between mist and fog in a METAR, and the main fog types from radiation to advection.","2026-05-13",{"path":209,"title":210,"description":211,"date":212,"topic":82,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":83,"seriesOrder":32},"\u002Flearn\u002Frest-requirements-explained","Rest requirements and minimum rest","What counts as a rest period, how EASA and the FAA set the minimum rest before a duty, the idea of a sleep opportunity, and the weekly rest that protects against cumulative fatigue.","2026-05-10",{"path":214,"title":215,"description":216,"date":217,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":182,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fwind-shear-explained","Wind shear and low-level wind shear","What wind shear is, why microbursts and gust fronts are so dangerous near the ground, how it changes an aircraft's performance, and the warnings and forecasts that flag it.","2026-05-07",{"path":219,"title":220,"description":221,"date":222,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-aviation-data-goes-stale","How aviation data goes stale","Every weather and NOTAM product has an issue time and a validity, and once you are offline you hold a snapshot. Here is how METARs, TAFs and NOTAMs expire, and why the timestamp matters.","2026-05-04",{"path":224,"title":225,"description":226,"date":227,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":182,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthunderstorms-and-convective-weather","Thunderstorms and convective weather","What makes a thunderstorm, the three stages of its life, the hazards from turbulence to hail and microbursts, and how the convective SIGMET warns you, with avoidance distances from the FAA.","2026-05-01",{"path":229,"title":230,"description":231,"date":232,"topic":82,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":83,"seriesOrder":65},"\u002Flearn\u002Fduty-time-flight-time-and-fdp","Duty time, flight time and the flight duty period","The four terms at the heart of every fatigue rule, how the maximum flight duty period is built from report time and sectors, and how EASA and the FAA each handle extensions.","2026-04-30",{"path":234,"title":235,"description":236,"date":237,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-preflight-information-bulletin","What is in a Pre-flight Information Bulletin","What a PIB is, how it packages the NOTAMs for your route, the difference between aerodrome, area and route bulletins, and why it is a snapshot you have to refresh.","2026-04-28",{"path":239,"title":240,"description":241,"date":242,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fsetting-personal-weather-minimums","Setting personal weather minimums","What personal minimums are, how to build a set from ceiling, visibility and wind, and how to use the PAVE and IMSAFE checklists to keep your own limits honest.","2026-04-25",{"path":244,"title":245,"description":246,"date":247,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":135,"seriesOrder":11},"\u002Flearn\u002Fchoosing-an-alternate-aerodrome","Choosing an alternate aerodrome","When an alternate is required, the FAA 1-2-3 rule and alternate minimums, the EASA planning-minima approach, and the practical checks of weather, approaches, runway and services.","2026-04-22",{"path":249,"title":250,"description":251,"date":252,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fflight-rules-vfr-mvfr-ifr-lifr","Flight rules: VFR, MVFR, IFR and LIFR","What the colour-coded flight categories mean, the exact ceiling and visibility boundaries set by the NWS and FAA, and why a flight category is not the same as the legal VFR minima.","2026-04-19",{"path":254,"title":255,"description":256,"date":257,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":182,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fnotam-categories-and-time-windows","NOTAM categories and time windows","How NOTAMs are sorted by scope and subject, how the validity fields B, C and D set the time window, and what PERM and EST mean, so you can triage a long briefing package.","2026-04-16",{"path":259,"title":260,"description":261,"date":262,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":182,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Freading-winds-and-temperatures-aloft","Reading winds and temperatures aloft","How to decode a winds and temperatures aloft forecast field by field, including the coding trick for strong winds, with a worked example and how to use it for cruise planning.","2026-04-13",{"path":264,"title":265,"description":266,"date":267,"topic":31,"draft":10,"minutes":182,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdecoding-notam-q-codes","Decoding NOTAM Q-codes and abbreviations","A deeper guide to the NOTAM Q-line: the five-letter Q-code, the traffic, purpose and scope qualifiers, the height and coordinate fields, and the contractions NOTAMs are written in.","2026-04-10",{"path":269,"title":270,"description":271,"date":272,"topic":41,"draft":10,"minutes":176,"series":59,"seriesOrder":32},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-an-atis","How to read an ATIS","What the ATIS broadcast contains, how the information letter and runway-in-use work, how it differs from a METAR, and the EASA\u002FUK and FAA conventions that trip pilots up.","2026-04-07",1781989193688]