[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":504},["ShallowReactive",2],{"learn-path-fly-an-instrument-approach":3},[4,13,20,26,32,37,42,47,53,59,65,70,75,79,85,90,95,102,107,113,118,123,128,133,138,143,148,153,159,163,169,174,179,184,189,195,200,205,210,215,220,225,230,235,240,245,250,255,260,265,270,275,280,285,290,295,300,305,310,315,320,324,329,334,339,344,349,354,359,364,369,374,379,384,389,394,399,403,408,414,419,424,429,435,440,445,450,455,460,465,470,475,480,484,489,494,499],{"path":5,"title":6,"description":7,"date":8,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fv-speeds-explained","V-speeds explained","What the V in V-speeds means, the difference between a design limit and an operating speed, and a tour of the speeds a pilot lives by, from stall to Vne.","2026-06-20","Operations",false,4,null,{"path":14,"title":15,"description":16,"date":17,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":18,"seriesOrder":19},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-missed-approach-and-go-around","The missed approach and the go-around","The difference between a go-around and a missed approach, when each is flown, the climb gradient that protects it, and why going around early is wise.","2026-06-19","fly-an-instrument-approach",7,{"path":21,"title":22,"description":23,"date":24,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Freading-an-aerodrome-chart","Reading an aerodrome chart","How an aerodrome chart maps the runways, taxiways, holding positions, hot spots and aprons, and how to use it to plan a taxi and avoid a runway incursion.","2026-06-18","Briefing",{"path":27,"title":28,"description":29,"date":30,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":31,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-global-reporting-format-for-runway-conditions","The Global Reporting Format for runway conditions","How the Global Reporting Format describes a contaminated runway: the condition code from 6 to 0, the assessment matrix, and the report split into thirds.","2026-06-17",5,{"path":33,"title":34,"description":35,"date":36,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ftransition-altitude-and-transition-level","Transition altitude and transition level","Where altitudes give way to flight levels, why pilots swap between local QNH and the standard 1013 setting, and the simple rule for changing the altimeter.","2026-06-16",{"path":38,"title":39,"description":40,"date":41,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fcold-temperature-altimeter-corrections","Cold-temperature altimeter corrections","Why a pressure altimeter over-reads in cold air, leaving you lower than indicated, and how to correct minimum altitudes for temperature on an approach.","2026-06-15",{"path":43,"title":44,"description":45,"date":46,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Frunway-markings-and-signage","Runway markings and signage","How to read aerodrome markings and signs: the white runway markings, the yellow taxiway markings, the holding-position lines, and the colour code of the signs.","2026-06-14",{"path":48,"title":49,"description":50,"date":51,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":18,"seriesOrder":52},"\u002Flearn\u002Freading-an-instrument-approach-chart","Reading an instrument approach chart","How an instrument approach chart is laid out: the plan view, profile, minimums box and missed approach, and how to read one in the order you will fly it.","2026-06-13",1,{"path":54,"title":55,"description":56,"date":57,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ftemperature-inversions-and-stable-air","Temperature inversions and stable air","What a temperature inversion is, how it makes the air stable, and why that explains haze, fog, smooth rides, trapped pollution, low cloud and wind shear.","2026-06-12","Weather",{"path":60,"title":61,"description":62,"date":63,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fclass-and-type-ratings-explained","Class and type ratings explained","Class rating versus type rating, what each lets you fly, and how EASA's revalidated ratings compare with the FAA's certificate-based system.","2026-06-11","Regulations",{"path":66,"title":67,"description":68,"date":69,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fsids-and-stars-explained","SIDs and STARs explained","What standard instrument departures and arrival routes are, why they exist, and how to read the climb gradients and crossing restrictions on them.","2026-06-10",{"path":71,"title":72,"description":73,"date":74,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fmountain-waves-and-rotor","Mountain waves and rotor","How stable air over high ground sets up mountain waves and the violent rotor beneath, the cloud signs that reveal them, and why they deserve respect.","2026-06-09",{"path":76,"title":77,"description":78,"date":74,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpressure-systems-highs-and-lows","Pressure systems: highs, lows, ridges and troughs","What highs, lows, ridges and troughs are, the weather each brings, which way the wind circulates around them, and how to read them on a pressure chart.",{"path":80,"title":81,"description":82,"date":83,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ficao-vs-iata-codes","ICAO vs IATA codes explained","The 4-letter ICAO location indicators used for flight planning and weather versus the 3-letter IATA codes on your boarding pass, plus airline codes.","2026-06-08",3,{"path":86,"title":87,"description":88,"date":89,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ftemporary-airspace-restrictions","Temporary airspace restrictions","What temporary flight restrictions are, why they are imposed, and how the US TFR compares with the UK restricted area and emergency restriction of flying.","2026-06-07",{"path":91,"title":92,"description":93,"date":94,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Freading-a-surface-analysis-chart","How to read a surface analysis chart","Decode a surface analysis chart: isobars and the pressure gradient, highs and lows, warm, cold and occluded fronts, and the big picture before the METAR.","2026-06-06",{"path":96,"title":97,"description":98,"date":99,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":100,"seriesOrder":101},"\u002Flearn\u002Fvolcanic-ash-and-sigmet","Volcanic ash and the SIGMET","Why volcanic ash is so dangerous to aircraft, how Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres and SIGMETs warn you, and why an ash SIGMET runs longer and starts earlier.","2026-06-05","decode-the-weather",8,{"path":103,"title":104,"description":105,"date":106,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fjet-stream-and-clear-air-turbulence","The jet stream and clear-air turbulence","What a jet stream is, where it sits near the tropopause, and why the wind shear around it produces clear-air turbulence that arrives with no cloud to warn you.","2026-06-04",{"path":108,"title":109,"description":110,"date":111,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":112,"seriesOrder":101},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-traffic-circuit","The traffic circuit","The legs of the circuit or traffic pattern, why most are flown left-hand, and the difference between the UK overhead join and the US 45-degree entry.","2026-06-03","plan-a-vfr-cross-country",{"path":114,"title":115,"description":116,"date":117,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ftop-of-descent-and-the-3-to-1-rule","Top of descent and the 3:1 rule","How to work out your top of descent with the 3:1 rule, the 60-to-1 relationship behind it, and the rate of descent that holds a roughly 3 degree path.","2026-06-02",{"path":119,"title":120,"description":121,"date":122,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":112,"seriesOrder":19},"\u002Flearn\u002Fairspace-speed-limits","The 250-knot speed limit and other airspace speed rules","Why a 250-knot limit applies below 10,000 feet, the slower 200-knot limits near busy airspace, and how the FAA and EASA wordings line up and differ.","2026-06-01",{"path":124,"title":125,"description":126,"date":127,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fcloud-types-explained","Cloud types and what they tell a pilot","The ten cloud genera grouped high, middle and low, heaped versus layered cloud, and how to read what each tells you about stability and the weather ahead.","2026-05-31",{"path":129,"title":130,"description":131,"date":132,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fmedical-certificates-explained","Medical certificates explained","The classes of aviation medical and what each allows: the FAA's first, second and third class against EASA's Class 1, Class 2 and LAPL, with validity by age.","2026-05-30",{"path":134,"title":135,"description":136,"date":137,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Foffline-first-preflight-briefing","The offline-first preflight briefing","What the rules require you to check before flight, how to build a self-brief, and the honest difference between offline-first and working fully offline.","2026-05-29",{"path":139,"title":140,"description":141,"date":142,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fwake-turbulence-categories-and-separation","Wake turbulence categories and separation","Why aircraft trail wingtip vortices, the ICAO Light, Medium, Heavy and Super categories by take-off mass, and how wake separation keeps a follower clear.","2026-05-28",{"path":144,"title":145,"description":146,"date":147,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fvolmet-and-recorded-weather-broadcasts","VOLMET and recorded weather broadcasts","What VOLMET is, how HF and VHF broadcasts deliver weather to aircraft in flight, and how it differs from ATIS and the automated surface observing systems.","2026-05-27",{"path":149,"title":150,"description":151,"date":152,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":100,"seriesOrder":19},"\u002Flearn\u002Fturbulence-reporting-and-intensity","Turbulence reporting and intensity scales","What light, moderate, severe and extreme turbulence mean, why intensity is judged by the aircraft's reaction rather than a guess, and how pilots report it.","2026-05-26",{"path":154,"title":155,"description":156,"date":157,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-multi-crew-and-cruise-time","Logging multi-crew and cruise-relief time","How pilots log time in a multi-pilot aircraft: P1 and P2, pilot-in-command under supervision, cruise relief, and how EASA roles map onto FAA PIC and SIC.","2026-05-25","Logbook",{"path":160,"title":161,"description":162,"date":157,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-tropopause","The tropopause and where weather lives","What the tropopause is, why it sits higher over the equator than the poles, and why nearly all of a pilot's weather happens in the troposphere below it.",{"path":164,"title":165,"description":166,"date":167,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":18,"seriesOrder":168},"\u002Flearn\u002Fstabilised-approaches-and-cdfa","Stabilised approaches and CDFA","Why a continuous descent final approach beats dive-and-drive, what a stabilised approach means, and where the 1000 ft and 500 ft gate heights come from.","2026-05-24",6,{"path":170,"title":171,"description":172,"date":173,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fsea-and-land-breezes","Sea and land breezes","Why coastal winds reverse between day and night, how a sea breeze and a sea-breeze front form, and what the diurnal circulation means for a coastal aerodrome.","2026-05-23",{"path":175,"title":176,"description":177,"date":178,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdecoding-the-icao-flight-plan","Decoding the ICAO flight plan","A field-by-field decode of the ICAO flight plan: Item 10 equipment and capabilities, Item 18 other information, and the codes that trip filers up.","2026-05-22",{"path":180,"title":181,"description":182,"date":183,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":112,"seriesOrder":168},"\u002Flearn\u002Fminimum-safe-altitudes-msa-mora-mea-moca","Minimum safe altitudes: MSA, MORA, MEA, MOCA and MEF","The family of minimum altitudes that keep you clear of terrain and obstacles, what each one guarantees, and which also promise a usable navigation signal.","2026-05-21",{"path":185,"title":186,"description":187,"date":188,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":31,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Faircraft-icing-explained","Aircraft icing explained","How airframe ice forms, the difference between rime, clear and mixed ice, why supercooled large droplets are so dangerous, and where to find the forecast.","2026-05-20",{"path":190,"title":191,"description":192,"date":193,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":194,"seriesOrder":168},"\u002Flearn\u002Faircraft-lights-and-when-to-show-them","Position and anti-collision lights","An aircraft's navigation and anti-collision lights, the red-left green-right convention, when each must be shown, and how SERA.3215 and 14 CFR 91.209 compare.","2026-05-19","rules-of-the-air",{"path":196,"title":197,"description":198,"date":199,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fmode-s-and-ads-b-explained","Mode S and ADS-B explained","How Mode S adds a 24-bit address, selective interrogation and a data link, elementary versus enhanced surveillance, and how ADS-B broadcasts position.","2026-05-18",{"path":201,"title":202,"description":203,"date":204,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":100,"seriesOrder":168},"\u002Flearn\u002Ftaf-change-groups","TAF change groups: TEMPO, BECMG, PROB and FM","A deeper look at the change groups that make a TAF a forecast: the meaning of FM, BECMG, TEMPO and PROB, with a worked example that decodes them in order.","2026-05-17",{"path":206,"title":207,"description":208,"date":209,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-international-standard-atmosphere","The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)","What the ICAO International Standard Atmosphere is, its sea-level values and lapse rate, and how ISA deviation underpins altimetry and density altitude.","2026-05-16",{"path":211,"title":212,"description":213,"date":214,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":18,"seriesOrder":31},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpapi-and-vasi-explained","PAPI and VASI visual glidepath","How the PAPI and VASI light systems show whether you are high or low on the approach, what the white and red lights mean, and the mnemonics for each.","2026-05-15",{"path":216,"title":217,"description":218,"date":219,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Funderstanding-notams","Understanding NOTAMs","What a NOTAM is, how the ICAO format and Q-line are built, the difference between NOTAMN, NOTAMR and NOTAMC, and how to deal with NOTAM overload.","2026-05-14",{"path":221,"title":222,"description":223,"date":224,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Frecency-and-currency","Recency and currency","The difference between being legally current and proficient, with the EASA and FAA recent-experience rules for passengers, night and instrument flight.","2026-05-13",{"path":226,"title":227,"description":228,"date":229,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdecoding-a-snowtam","Decoding a SNOWTAM","What a SNOWTAM reports, how it carries the runway condition code for each third of the runway under the global reporting format, and how to read one.","2026-05-12",{"path":231,"title":232,"description":233,"date":234,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fmach-number-and-true-airspeed","Mach number, true airspeed and the speed of sound","How the speed of sound depends on temperature, why Mach number rises as you climb at constant true airspeed, and how true airspeed and Mach relate.","2026-05-11",{"path":236,"title":237,"description":238,"date":239,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdensity-altitude-and-aircraft-performance","Density altitude and aircraft performance","What density altitude is, how to estimate it from pressure altitude and temperature, and why hot, high and humid conditions rob an aircraft of performance.","2026-05-10",{"path":241,"title":242,"description":243,"date":244,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-solo-and-student-time","Logging solo and student time","How a student pilot logs dual and solo flying, what supervised solo and student pilot-in-command mean, and what an instructor signs under EASA and the FAA.","2026-05-09",{"path":246,"title":247,"description":248,"date":244,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":249,"seriesOrder":31},"\u002Flearn\u002Fstandby-and-reserve-duty","Standby and reserve duty","What standby and reserve mean, how airport standby differs from home, how the FAA handles long-call and short-call reserve, and how standby becomes duty.","duty-rest-and-flight-time-limits",{"path":251,"title":252,"description":253,"date":254,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":194,"seriesOrder":31},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdocuments-you-must-carry","Aircraft documents you must carry","What paperwork has to be aboard before you fly: the US ARROW documents, the longer EASA list under NCO.GEN.135, and where the two systems differ.","2026-05-08",{"path":256,"title":257,"description":258,"date":259,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-aip-and-airac-cycle","The AIP and the AIRAC cycle","What an Aeronautical Information Publication is, how its GEN, ENR and AD parts are organised, and why aeronautical data changes on the fixed 28-day AIRAC cycle.","2026-05-07",{"path":261,"title":262,"description":263,"date":264,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fpilot-function-and-logging-roles","Pilot function and logging roles","What P1, PICUS, P2 and dual mean under EASA, how the FAA categories differ, and the difference between logging PIC time and being the pilot in command.","2026-05-06",{"path":266,"title":267,"description":268,"date":269,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":112,"seriesOrder":31},"\u002Flearn\u002Fcrosswind-components","Crosswind components","How to resolve a wind into crosswind and headwind components, a worked example, the sine rule of thumb, and what a demonstrated crosswind really is.","2026-05-05",{"path":271,"title":272,"description":273,"date":274,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":18,"seriesOrder":11},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdecision-altitude-and-mda","Decision altitude and minimum descent altitude","The difference between a decision altitude and a minimum descent altitude, why one is a gate and the other a floor, and how DH and MDH fit in.","2026-05-04",{"path":276,"title":277,"description":278,"date":279,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":31,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Faltimetry-qnh-qfe-qne","Altimetry: QNH, QFE and the standard setting","What QNH, QFE and the standard setting do to your altimeter, the difference between transition altitude and level, and the EASA and FAA conventions.","2026-05-03",{"path":281,"title":282,"description":283,"date":284,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":84,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fsquawk-codes-and-transponders","Squawk codes and transponders explained","What a transponder squawk code is, the difference between Mode A, C and S, and the emergency codes 7500, 7600 and 7700 every pilot must know.","2026-05-02",{"path":286,"title":287,"description":288,"date":289,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":100,"seriesOrder":31},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-a-pirep","How to read a PIREP","Decode a pilot weather report field by field, the UA and UUA types and the slash-coded elements, and see how a PIREP fills the gaps between stations.","2026-05-01",{"path":291,"title":292,"description":293,"date":294,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":194,"seriesOrder":11},"\u002Flearn\u002Fsupplemental-oxygen-requirements","Supplemental oxygen requirements","When the rules require oxygen for crew and passengers, why the thresholds are cabin altitudes, and how 14 CFR 91.211 and EASA NCO.OP.190 differ.","2026-04-30",{"path":296,"title":297,"description":298,"date":299,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":249,"seriesOrder":11},"\u002Flearn\u002Fcumulative-duty-and-flight-time-limits","Cumulative duty and flying-hour limits","How the rolling 28-day, annual and weekly limits on flight time and duty work, why a rolling window is not a calendar month, with EASA and FAA figures.","2026-04-29",{"path":301,"title":302,"description":303,"date":304,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Ffog-mist-and-the-dewpoint-spread","Fog, mist and the dewpoint spread","Why the gap between temperature and dewpoint predicts fog, the difference between mist and fog in a METAR, and the main fog types from radiation to advection.","2026-04-28",{"path":306,"title":307,"description":308,"date":309,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fsignificant-weather-sigwx-charts","Significant weather (SIGWX) charts","What a significant weather chart forecasts, the CB, turbulence, icing and jet-stream symbols it uses, and how it differs from a surface analysis chart.","2026-04-27",{"path":311,"title":312,"description":313,"date":314,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-night-flying-time","Logging night flying time","How night is defined for logging under the FAA and EASA, why the FAA has two nights, what civil twilight means, and how to find the night portion.","2026-04-26",{"path":316,"title":317,"description":318,"date":319,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":112,"seriesOrder":11},"\u002Flearn\u002Fchoosing-an-alternate-aerodrome","Choosing an alternate aerodrome","When an alternate is required, the FAA 1-2-3 rule and alternate minimums, the EASA planning-minima approach, and the practical weather and runway checks.","2026-04-25",{"path":321,"title":322,"description":323,"date":319,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fflight-time-block-time-and-air-time","Flight time, block time and air time","The time definitions a logbook uses: why flight time runs chock to chock, how air time differs, and why the figure you log is not the time you were airborne.",{"path":325,"title":326,"description":327,"date":328,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-preflight-information-bulletin","What is in a Pre-flight Information Bulletin","What a PIB is, how it packages the NOTAMs for your route, the difference between aerodrome, area and route bulletins, and why it is a snapshot to refresh.","2026-04-24",{"path":330,"title":331,"description":332,"date":333,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fair-masses-and-fronts","Air masses and fronts","What an air mass is and how it gets its character, the difference between warm, cold and occluded fronts, and the weather each one brings to a flight.","2026-04-23",{"path":335,"title":336,"description":337,"date":338,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fwind-shear-explained","Wind shear and low-level wind shear","What wind shear is, why microbursts and gust fronts are so dangerous near the ground, how it changes aircraft performance, and the warnings that flag it.","2026-04-22",{"path":340,"title":341,"description":342,"date":343,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":31,"series":100,"seriesOrder":11},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-a-sigmet-and-airmet","How to read a SIGMET and an AIRMET","What SIGMETs and AIRMETs warn of, the phenomena codes, how long each stays valid, and a worked SIGMET decoded field by field, with the US differences.","2026-04-21",{"path":345,"title":346,"description":347,"date":348,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdeclared-distances-tora-toda-asda-lda","Declared distances: TORA, TODA, ASDA and LDA","What the four declared distances mean, how clearway and stopway extend them, and why the length of runway you can actually use is rarely just the runway.","2026-04-20",{"path":350,"title":351,"description":352,"date":353,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":194,"seriesOrder":84},"\u002Flearn\u002Fspecial-vfr-explained","Special VFR explained","What a special VFR clearance is, the visibility and cloud conditions that come with it, the day and night limits, and how SERA.5010 and 14 CFR 91.157 differ.","2026-04-19",{"path":355,"title":356,"description":357,"date":358,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":249,"seriesOrder":84},"\u002Flearn\u002Frest-requirements-explained","Rest requirements and minimum rest","What counts as a rest period, how EASA and the FAA set the minimum rest before duty, the sleep opportunity, and the weekly rest that limits fatigue.","2026-04-18",{"path":360,"title":361,"description":362,"date":363,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthunderstorms-and-convective-weather","Thunderstorms and convective weather","What makes a thunderstorm, the three stages of its life, the hazards from turbulence to hail and microbursts, and how the convective SIGMET warns you.","2026-04-17",{"path":365,"title":366,"description":367,"date":368,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fnotam-categories-and-time-windows","NOTAM categories and time windows","How NOTAMs are sorted by scope and subject, how the validity fields B, C and D set the time window, and what PERM and EST mean for triage.","2026-04-16",{"path":370,"title":371,"description":372,"date":373,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":18,"seriesOrder":84},"\u002Flearn\u002Fnon-precision-approaches","Non-precision approaches","What makes an approach non-precision, the VOR, NDB, localiser and RNAV types, why they use a minimum descent altitude, and how APV approaches sit in between.","2026-04-15",{"path":375,"title":376,"description":377,"date":378,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":112,"seriesOrder":84},"\u002Flearn\u002Ffuel-planning-and-reserves","Fuel planning and reserves","Why a flight carries more fuel than the trip needs: the ICAO baseline, the FAA VFR and IFR reserves, and the EASA fuel-scheme components, each attributed.","2026-04-14",{"path":380,"title":381,"description":382,"date":383,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-instrument-time","Logging instrument time","What counts as instrument time, actual versus simulated conditions, why an IFR flight plan is not enough, and what the FAA and EASA require you to record.","2026-04-13",{"path":385,"title":386,"description":387,"date":388,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Freading-an-ifr-enroute-chart","Reading an IFR enroute chart","How an IFR enroute chart depicts the airway network: the airways and their tracks, the minimum altitudes, the fixes, navaids and frequencies.","2026-04-12",{"path":390,"title":391,"description":392,"date":393,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Freading-winds-and-temperatures-aloft","Reading winds and temperatures aloft","How to decode a winds and temperatures aloft forecast, the coding trick for strong winds, with a worked example and how to use it for cruise planning.","2026-04-11",{"path":395,"title":396,"description":397,"date":398,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":100,"seriesOrder":84},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-an-atis","How to read an ATIS","What the ATIS broadcast contains, how the information letter and runway-in-use work, how it differs from a METAR, and the EASA\u002FUK and FAA conventions.","2026-04-10",{"path":400,"title":401,"description":402,"date":398,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-simulator-and-fstd-time","Logging simulator and FSTD time","How synthetic training time is logged, the FFS, FTD, FNPT, BITD and ATD device categories, and where simulator time does and does not count.",{"path":404,"title":405,"description":406,"date":407,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fholding-patterns-explained","Holding patterns explained","The standard holding pattern, how the legs are timed, the three entry procedures, and the maximum holding speeds, with ICAO and FAA figures attributed.","2026-04-09",{"path":409,"title":410,"description":411,"date":412,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":194,"seriesOrder":413},"\u002Flearn\u002Fminimum-heights-and-low-flying-rules","Minimum heights and low-flying rules","How low you may legally fly: the congested-area and 500 ft rules, the open-air assembly trap, and how SERA.5005 and 14 CFR 91.119 compare.","2026-04-08",2,{"path":415,"title":416,"description":417,"date":418,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":249,"seriesOrder":413},"\u002Flearn\u002Fflight-time-limitations-explained","Flight time limitations explained","Flight time, duty, flight duty period and rest explained, with the EASA\u002FUK CAA and FAA limits attributed. Numbers differ, so check the current rule.","2026-04-07",{"path":420,"title":421,"description":422,"date":423,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fsetting-personal-weather-minimums","Setting personal weather minimums","What personal minimums are, how to build a set from ceiling, visibility and wind, and how to use the PAVE and IMSAFE checklists to keep your own limits honest.","2026-04-06",{"path":425,"title":426,"description":427,"date":428,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":112,"seriesOrder":413},"\u002Flearn\u002Fvfr-weather-minima-and-cruising-levels","VFR weather minima and cruising levels","The visibility and distance-from-cloud minima for visual flight, and the semicircular cruising-level rule, with the ICAO, EASA and FAA figures attributed.","2026-04-05",{"path":430,"title":431,"description":432,"date":433,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":100,"seriesOrder":434},"\u002Flearn\u002Frunway-visual-range-rvr","Runway visual range (RVR)","What RVR is, how a transmissometer or forward-scatter meter measures it, why it differs from reported visibility, and how to decode the RVR group.","2026-04-04",9,{"path":436,"title":437,"description":438,"date":439,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fmass-and-balance-basics","Mass and balance basics","What datum, arm, moment and centre of gravity mean, how to work a centre-of-gravity calculation step by step, and why the envelope matters, not just mass.","2026-04-03",{"path":441,"title":442,"description":443,"date":444,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdecoding-notam-q-codes","Decoding NOTAM Q-codes and abbreviations","A deeper guide to the NOTAM Q-line: the five-letter Q-code, the traffic, purpose and scope qualifiers, the height and coordinate fields, and contractions.","2026-04-02",{"path":446,"title":447,"description":448,"date":449,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":100,"seriesOrder":413},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-a-taf","How to read a TAF","Decode a Terminal Aerodrome Forecast: the FM, BECMG, TEMPO and PROB change groups, the validity period, and how a forecast differs from a METAR.","2026-04-01",{"path":451,"title":452,"description":453,"date":454,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":18,"seriesOrder":413},"\u002Flearn\u002Fthe-ils-explained","The ILS explained","How an instrument landing system works: the localiser, the glideslope, the marker beacons, and the CAT I, II and III categories that set how low you can go.","2026-03-31",{"path":456,"title":457,"description":458,"date":459,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Facclimatisation-and-time-zones","Acclimatisation and crossing time zones","How your body clock changes the flight duty period you may fly, how EASA and the FAA define an acclimatised state, and what the circadian low is.","2026-03-30",{"path":461,"title":462,"description":463,"date":464,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fkeeping-a-digital-logbook","Keeping a digital logbook","What a pilot logbook has to record and why, plus the EASA\u002FUK and FAA differences in logging pilot-in-command time, night, and recency that catch people out.","2026-03-29",{"path":466,"title":467,"description":468,"date":469,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Freading-a-vfr-aeronautical-chart","Reading a VFR aeronautical chart","How a VFR chart depicts airspace, terrain and aerodromes, why the legend is the key to everything, and how an ICAO chart and a US sectional differ.","2026-03-28",{"path":471,"title":472,"description":473,"date":474,"topic":25,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-aviation-data-goes-stale","How aviation data goes stale","Every weather and NOTAM product has an issue time and a validity. Here is how METARs, TAFs and NOTAMs expire once you are offline, and why timing matters.","2026-03-27",{"path":476,"title":477,"description":478,"date":479,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Fflight-rules-vfr-mvfr-ifr-lifr","Flight rules: VFR, MVFR, IFR and LIFR","What the colour-coded flight categories mean, the ceiling and visibility boundaries set by the NWS and FAA, and why a category is not the legal VFR minima.","2026-03-26",{"path":481,"title":482,"description":483,"date":479,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":101,"series":194,"seriesOrder":52},"\u002Flearn\u002Fright-of-way-rules","Right-of-way rules in the air","Who gives way when two aircraft meet: the converging, head-on and overtaking rules, the category hierarchy, and how SERA.3210 and 14 CFR 91.113 line up.",{"path":485,"title":486,"description":487,"date":488,"topic":9,"draft":10,"minutes":11,"series":112,"seriesOrder":52},"\u002Flearn\u002Fairspace-classes-explained","Airspace classes explained","The ICAO airspace classes A to G, the service and separation each one provides, and how the US, Europe and the UK implement the same letters differently.","2026-03-25",{"path":490,"title":491,"description":492,"date":493,"topic":158,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":12,"seriesOrder":12},"\u002Flearn\u002Flogging-cross-country-time","Logging cross-country time","What counts as cross-country time, why the FAA ties it to distance thresholds for some ratings while EASA does not, and how to log it without overclaiming.","2026-03-24",{"path":495,"title":496,"description":497,"date":498,"topic":58,"draft":10,"minutes":31,"series":100,"seriesOrder":52},"\u002Flearn\u002Fhow-to-read-a-metar","How to read a METAR","A plain-language guide to decoding a METAR field by field, with a worked example and the EASA\u002FUK and FAA differences that trip pilots up.","2026-03-23",{"path":500,"title":501,"description":502,"date":503,"topic":64,"draft":10,"minutes":19,"series":249,"seriesOrder":52},"\u002Flearn\u002Fduty-time-flight-time-and-fdp","Duty time, flight time and the flight duty period","The four terms behind every fatigue rule, how the maximum flight duty period is built from report time and sectors, and how EASA and the FAA differ.","2026-03-22",1782839406593]